\u0423\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 (1\/2008)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0441 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447<\/strong> \u2013 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u0435\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\n \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0441 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f 30 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1933 \u0433. \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435 \n\u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0410\u0440\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440-\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0446 \u2013 \n\u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440, \u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u2013 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430. \u0412 1937 \u0433. \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0443.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0412\n 1957 \u0433. \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \n\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u041c.\u0412. \u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 (\u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u2013 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \n\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438) \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u00ab\u0425\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \n\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u00bb \u0441 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u00ab\u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440-\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\n \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0435 \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0432\n \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u0438 \u0410\u041d \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b \n\u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d-\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0410\u041d \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0410.\u041d. \u0411\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0422\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u2013 \u00ab\u0413\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \n\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445\u00bb. \u0420\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \n\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u2013 \u0421.\u041c. \u041b\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0432, \u042e.\u0411. \u041a\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0425\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043b \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0441 \n\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u2013 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442 \u0438 \n\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435. \u0412 1957\u20131959 \u0433\u0433. \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0430\n \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \n\u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0411\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \n\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0430\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044b. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u0445\u0435\n \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0439. \u0412 1959 \u0433. \u0410.\u041b. \u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0441 \n\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0432 1963-\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043b \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e. \u0415\u0433\u043e \n\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041d.\u0421. \u041f\u0435\u0447\u0443\u0440\u043e. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432 1963 \n\u0433. \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0432 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \n\u041d.\u0414. \u0417\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u0418\u041e\u0425), \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u042f.\u0422. \u042d\u0439\u0434\u0443\u0441, \u0410.\u041d. \n\u0411\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0425.\u041c. \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0434\u0440.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0422\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0418\u041e\u0425 \u0410.\u041b. \n\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430,\n \u0430 \u0441 1975 \u0433. \u043e\u043d \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \n\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u00ab\u0421\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0437 \u0438\n \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043b\u0435\u0444\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445, \n\u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u044e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044b\u00bb.
\u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \n\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0410.\u041b. \u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u043e \n\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u2013 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0430 \n\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435 \n\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0434\u043b\u044f \n\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0418 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \n\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f. \u041e\u043d \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u00ab\u0425\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f\n \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u00bb, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u041d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u0435\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u00ab\u041a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0432\n \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb, \u00ab\u041d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u0435\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u00ab\u0425\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \n\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u00bb, \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0413\u043e\u0440\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b\u00bb (\u0422\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043d); \n\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u043f\u043e \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \n\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u043f\u043e \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \n\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0438 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0438 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435\n \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u00ad\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \n\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043c. \u0414.\u0418. \u041c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0430; \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \n\u0438\u043c. \u041b\u0435\u0439\u0431\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a (\u0424\u0420\u0413).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0414\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0410.\u0418. \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b \u0410.\u041b. \u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u0413\u0423 \u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438\u043c. \u0418.\u041c. \u0413\u0443\u0431\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0443 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0438, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c. \u0418\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b, \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e-\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0420\u0413\u0423\u2013\u0418\u041e\u0425\u00bb. \u041d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 200 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0431\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0410.\u041b. \u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0441 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c 64 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 7\u00a0\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n
\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/\u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430-\u0438-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430.\u0433\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435.\u0440\u0444\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Lapidus.jpg\")
Doctor of Chemistry (1975), Professor (1982), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1997), Full Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (2001).
Laureate of the USSR Council of Ministers Prize (1983) and the Russian Federation Government Prize (2007), Zelinsky Prize, the USSR Academy of Sciences (1990) and Ipatiev Prize, the Russian Academy of Sciences (1997).
He heads the following grants awarding: under the President of the Russian Federation, the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research.
He was awarded the Friendship Order and the Honorary Worker of the Higher Vocational Training of the Russian Federation Badge.
Areas of expertise:
\u2022 transformation of aliphatic hydrocarbons on heterogeneous catalysts, their synthesis from CO and H2 on cobalt systems;
\u2022 study of organic compounds carbonylation by carbonic oxide;
\u2022 reactions of the lowest paraffin hydrocarbon and alkenes;
\u2022 reactions of carbon dioxide, technology of these processes, including gas-to-liquids as well as process of motor fuels purification.
Author of over 600 research papers for catalysis, gas chemistry, oil and coal chemistry issues (including three monographs and 60 inventions), confirmed by patents and certificates of authorship.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\nnumber (1\/2008)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nAlbert L. Lapidus<\/strong> is a distinguished specialist in the area of catalysis and petrochemical synthesis.
Albert L. Lapidus was born on November 30, 1933 in Nikolsko-Arkhangelskoye village, Balashikhinsky region, Moscow Oblast. His father was an engineer and mother was a teacher. In 1937 his family moved to Moscow.
In 1957 Albert Lvovich graduated from Moscow Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology (at the moment \u2013 Lomonosov State Academy of Fine Chemical Technology) majoring in Chemical Fuel Engineering (engineer \u2013 chemist \u2013 technologist qualification).
His real scientific interest appeared during the graduate work execution in the laboratory of the Institute of Petroleum of the USSR Academy, which was headed at that time by A.N. Bashkirov, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The subject was \u201cHydrogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones on Sintered Iron Catalyst\u201d. His tutors were S.M. Loktev and Yu.B. Kagan.
A valuable advice of his tutors \u2013 to frequently change subjects of studies and to work at production lines \u2013 stuck in Albert Lapidus\u2019 memory. In 1957 \u2013 1959 according to the appointment he arrived at Moscow Electrolysis Plant, which was founded during the years of the Great Patriotic War. He headed a shift, working at the pilot unit of ethylene telomerization giving amino-ethane acid. The experience gained in the workshop was beneficial for a young specialist. In 1959 A.L. Lapidus entered the post graduate course and in 1963 he defended his PhD thesis. Professor N.S. Pechuro was his scientific adviser. In 1963 after the post graduate course Albert Lvovich became an employee of the Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) where he was taught by Ya.T. Eidus, A.N. Bashkirov, H.M. Minachev and others.
A.L. Lapidus started the labor activity in the IOC as a junior research associate and then as a senior research associate. Since 1975 he headed the Laboratory of the Catalytic Reactions of Carbon Oxides. The same year he defended his Doctorate thesis titled \u201cSynthesis and Transformation of Olefin and Paraffin Hydrocarbons on Catalysts Containing Crystallized and Amorphous Aluminum Silicate\u201d. A huge theoretical and practical importance belongs to Lapidus studies on involvement carbon oxide in organic synthesis, which is known as an important product of chemical processes. Albert Lvovich participated in development of new catalysts and the processes interesting for industrial catalysis. <\/p>\n\n\n\nAnd even today Albert Lvovich continues to work fruitfully. He is Editor-in-Chief of the Russian Academy of Sciences journal \u201cChemistry of Solid Fuel\u201d, he is a member of the editorial boards for such journals as \u201cPetrochemistry\u201d, \u201cIndustrial Catalysis\u201d, \u201cOil Refining and Petrochemistry\u201d, \u201cChemistry and Hydrocarbon Technology\u201d and international journal \u201cOil Shale\u201d (Tallinn); Deputy Head of the Scientific Council for chemistry of fossil solid fuel (Russian Academy of Sciences), a member of the Scientific Councils Bureau on chemistry of natural gas and catalysis (Russian Academy of Sciences), as well as other scientific councils of the Russian Academy of Sciences) and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, including several Dissertation Councils; Chief of Mendeleyev Russian Chemical Society, Member of Leibniz Scientific Society (Prussian Academy of Sciences, Germany).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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